Effect of Eating Fast Food Essay

Previously, individuals in the Jakarta city consistently ate sound and new food. In any case, today, numerous individuals like to eat cheap food, for example, pizza, cheeseburgers, and singed chicken. Numerous reasons why individuals want to expend inexpensive food. This article will clarify some negative impacts of inexpensive food. There are a few reasons why inexpensive food develops rapidly in Jakarta. The primary explanation is changing ways of life in the public eye. In Jakarta, numerous individuals are working in workplaces or organizations. The laborers don't have a lot of time to scan for food in light of the fact that the working hours are strong. Publicizing is another explanation. Jakarta is a major city that through promoting consistently educates new items to society. For instance, web and TV report each day about advancement of various sorts of inexpensive food. These advertisements impact individuals to purchase cheap food. In addition, cost of inexpensive food is modest. In this manner, consistently numerous individuals purchase Hamburger, Pizza and other quick nourishments. Be that as it may, cheap food effectsly affects the individuals of Jakarta. The best impact is the impact on wellbeing. It tends to be seen from numerous individuals in Jakarta became fat in view of these nourishments. Accordingly, these individuals will turn out to be less gainful and have a condition, for example, coronary illness and diabetes. Another result of the inexpensive food is losing custom of eating along with family at home. Presently, youngsters and grown-ups once in a while eat together at home. Thus, guardians and kids only occasionally convey one another. The following impact is on the economy. Cheap food isn't excessively costly, increasingly costly when cooking at home; be that as it may, all inexpensive food originates from remote claimed establishment organization, so the advantages of these nourishments for outsiders. In for the most part, I imagine that many individuals expend cheap food in Jakarta due to the way of life, the impact of promoting, and low costs. In any case, I accept that these nourishments have genuine results in the network, for example, medical issues, loss of customary family dinners, and financial issues. Hence, individuals in Jakarta should leave cheap food for a superior life.

Operational Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Operational Plan - Essay Example In such manner, for AllPharm in its extraordinary spot, flexibility and between departmental coordination appear to be the most significant elements influencing how well AllPharm satisfies the necessities for meeting its objective. Vision and Values As expressed before the center target of any revenue driven association is gaining benefit for its investors. Anyway how this benefit is wanted to be earned after some time is endorsed by the vision of its proprietors. The pharmaceutical business is on a high in this time and is viewed as an ever-green industry †that sees up and downs yet can never go into a downturn in light of the fact that the clinical needs of individuals never end. Hence, AllPharm’s vision has a considerable accentuation on maintainability and development. What's more, due to this vision, its notoriety among its clients and boss associations is essential to its drawn out interests. This is the reason AllPharm has a confident code of morals that is planned to be trailed by workers through and through in its hierarchical progressive system. The organization has an expressed approach that it â€Å"values its clients as people more than it needs to give them incentive to support as customers.† It is obligatory for office directors to show a printed code of morals on notice-sheets in each office and on dividers in the creation offices and research facilities. The Human Capital Management division staff is normally advised on the significance of fuse of human credits notwithstanding competitor portfolio in the determination measures for confident candidates for employments at the organization. Upper Hierarchy There are comprehensively three stories of the executives in any sizable association, to be specific the top or administration level, the departmental administration and the lower or direct work force the board. For a successful top-down way to deal with administration it is basic that each post have as scarcely any subordinat es as could reasonably be expected; this is the essential guideline of AllPharm’s regulatory structure. The President has close to two Directors working under him. Henceforth the tasks of the organization are partitioned into two primary classifications: Production and Marketing. Together the two Directors and the President involve the official branch in the hierarchical structure. The President’s fundamental obligations incorporate concocting formative strategies dependent on proceeding with statistical surveying and asset accessibility, administering the Quality Control office, shaping creation rehearses dependent on the most recent lawful specifications and allotting staff and assets dependent on his own judgment of the general mechanical situation. The Directors each deal with totally separate elements of the association and reconciliation and correspondence between the two divisions is kept up by the contact officials of the Sales Department. Both the Directors ar e responsible for all their position-based obligations aside from caring for staff lower than that working legitimately under them. This is the core of a worker relationship rule that AllPharm has received referred to in the association as the â€Å"charity starts at home† guideline. Administration Structure In the mid-level administration structure AllPharm has four General Managers, explicitly for Manufacturing, and Quality Control, which fall under the oversight of

Yay! A hack!

Yay! A hack! Sometime late last night and/or early this morning I received a rather suspicious message from someone who would only identify himself/herself as Jack Florey*, telling me that rather interesting, picture worthy items had mysteriously appeared on and around the Little Dome, Lobby 7, and the Infinite Corridor. I take my blogger responsibilities quite seriously and hurried over to get pictures before things were taken down. Besides, what good MIT student isnt up at 4 AM? (Dear Concerned Parents: we do sleep. Really. Just not during normal hours.) *Jack Florey is the name of the fictitious character who often takes responsibility for mysterious things that happen at the Institute during the middle of the night. My clever little paragraph up there is just a cute way of saying that a friend of mine tipped me off about the hack, but publishing his or her name on a public on-line publication would be rather rude of me. Hacker types like to remain anonymous. Mostly because theyre usually doing something illegal, and also because its part of the Hacker Code of Ethics to never claim responsibility for hacks. Think about it- it really adds to the mystique of the whole thing if you dont know that the kid sitting in front of you in 3.091 lecture was up all night rigging up clever practical jokes. But Im going to build up the suspense a bit longer, because there are 2 things I want to cover first. Number 1: I answered your questions in a separate entry. Read it all here. Number 2: If you havent heard about the mail mix-up, read Bens post here and/or check out the discussion on collegeconfidential. Basically the gist of it is that the admit tube things were accidentally mailed earlier than the defer and reject letters, which really bites. I have no idea what this must be like for you guys; I can only imagine that its really frustrating and upsetting. Just hang in there and remember that its not the end of the world. And now, to brighten up your day- on to the hack! Mysteriously during the night, MIT was turned into. a Mario level! Read on for (lots!) more pictures. The Infinite Corridor was decked out with many paper cutouts of those famous green pipes, clouds, rolling hills, and coins: A kiosk in Lobby 7 that usually runs informational videos about MIT was now set up to play the original Super Mario Bros: No really. Like you could actually play it. I did. =) One of the Athena machines was showing a map of Super Mario 3: Somewhere down the Infnite theres a projector that runs advertisments about student groups and actvities. Unfortunately the picture I took didnt come out too well, but hopefully you can recognize that the hijacked projector was playing a Mario time trial: Some more scenery down the infinite: (Hee. =) That ^ was one of my favorites.) There was even a high scores banner in Lobby 7: Hee. E1337. Get it? Its like scientific notation. Only its a word too. =D These characters each occupied the space above each of the four pedestals in the corners of Lobby 7: Some more elaborate characters were hung from staircases: And this Mario was in Lobby 7: butwhat is he hanging from?. (This is such an awesome pic that I linked the thumbnail to larger version- check it out.) And of course, what Mario level would be complete without the all-important triangular flag? Unfortunately, one of the coolest parts of the hack was impossible to capture with a photograph. As I walked into Lobby 7, camera in hand, ready to document the hell out of MITMarioWorld, I was met withmusic. The Mario theme was resonating throughout Lobby 7. It was. so cool. =) Unfortunately, as Matt mentioned: poof. This hack disappeared rather quickly, which was sad. But it was still pretty darn awesome while it hung around. Yay for hacks. Theyre so cool. Hackers: do more please. Kthanx. Edit: Many thanks to rcg, who graciously allowed me to borrow a few of the pictures he took. Like the really cool one of the pipe and banner from the 3rd florr. Hes awesome. Also, many of the questions posed in comments have been answered here. Heres a popular one, just for the record: Lee Gearhart, 76: Laura, thanks for posting this, with all the photos! While being a pre-Mario generation alum makes me miss some of the references, I certainly appreciate the planning, time, and effort that went into this. Your photos were well done, and help preserve that time and effort for others enjoyment. To me, Jack Florey always meant Fifth East. Has the nomenclature evolved? Thats a great point. Jack Florey definitely does refer to Fifth East, and Jim Tetazoo still refers to Third East, and theres still ORK and THA and other old favorites, as well as some new ones like the WHO (Western Hacking Organization). However, in my experience, Jack Florey has always been the most famous in more mainstream culture. If youve heard of hacks at MIT, youve probably heard of Jack Florey. If youre actually an MIT student, you know hes not the only one. In fact, this particular hack involved people from all over campus. But since my audience here is actually prospective students, I used Jack Florey in hopes that the name might ring a bell for a few people.

Gender Differences Between Sexuality And Gender - 888 Words

In sociology, we make a general distinction between sexuality and gender. Sex is the biological trait that we use to determine whether or not a person is a male or a female, whether it be through chromosomes, genitalia, or some other kind of visual physical description. When society talks about the obvious differences between men and women, they are often drawing on sex rather than gender, which is now an understanding of how society helps to shape our new understanding of these biological categories. In class we learned how to differentiate between the three, understanding that Sex refers to the natural or biological differences that distinguish males and females, Sexuality refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior, and Gender is a social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements that are built around sex. Gender, like all other forms of social identities, is considered to be socially constructed. Social constructionism is a key theory used to put gender into a more historic and cultural form. It is a proven social theory- meaning is created through social interaction. Through the things we do and say with other people, this theory proves that gender in itself is not a fixed or innate fact, instead it varies across place and time. Gender norms, or the the socially acceptable ways of acting out a specific gender, are learned from birth through childhood and are taught as is. We learn overall what is expected of our gender through whatShow MoreRelated The Social Construction of Gender and Sexuality Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesexemplifies the definition of gender as a concept; gender is the expectations of a sex according to the culture of society. Sexuality, within this definition of gender, reflects society’s expectations, which are created in relation to the opposite sex. Th e variances between cultures means that gender expectations change within different cultures. 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Horrocks (1997), suggests that to try and understand or explain a definitive conclusion about sexuality seems impossible as sexuality has different meanings to so many groups of people. IntroduceRead MoreGender And Sexual Attitudes And Behavior1520 Words   |  7 Pagesculture it is certain there are gender dissimilarities in the topic of sexuality. Over time scholarly work has proved an abundant amount of different components correlating to the difference in sexuality resulting in the distinctions of sexual behaviors as well as attitudes among males and females. Difference in sexual attitudes and behavior can be seen between genders across various studies. This research study indicates the differences in sexuality according to gender. It is known that most malesRead MoreDismantling Binaries: Bisexuality947 Words   |  4 Pagesvested interest in keeping them. Without a procedure of making difference among people or by developing a way to tell dissimilar types of people, there would be no source for treating people differently. This disparity treatment is not essentially unequal, social disparity but it boils down to treating people differently. Lucal, in his article focuses on the building and preservation of boxes and limits with respect to sex, gender and sexuality. In the society, these boxes and their limits rest on a multiplicityRead MoreRelationship Values Between Gender And Sexuality Essay1181 Words   |  5 PagesRelationship values between gender and sexuality Gender is known as the set of expectations and norms linked to how men and women, and boys and girls, should act. Sexuality which refers to the biological characteristics that define men and women. Relationship values are what you believe in and morals that you hold important to you so you can live your life to the fullest. Your values are based on what you have experienced through your life and what you have learned over the years. Gender and sexual identityRead MoreSex, Gender, And Sexuality1490 Words   |  6 PagesSex, gender, and sexuality are words that are constantly are been not understood properly and also misused by societies. But scholars through research and history have come up with basic ways to distinguish what each term means. Starting with the term sex, sex is known as a biological structure of a person (Renzetti 2). There also is another way that sex defined, some believe that the definition of is the meaning the society and each individual gave it, â€Å"or the v arious ways we express our sexualRead MoreGender Inequality Between Men And Women908 Words   |  4 Pagesand â€Å"gender† synonymously, it’s important to recognize the difference between the two. In West and Zimmerman’s article, â€Å"Doing Gender,† they make this distinction. Sex is defined as â€Å"biology: anatomy, hormones, and physiology,† and gender is â€Å"an achieved status: that which is constructed through psychological, cultural, and social means† (West and Zimmerman; 125). Michael Kimmel, the author of The Gendered Society and a sociologist at Stony Brook University in New York, further defines gender as â€Å"[referring]Read MoreThe Search For One’S Purpose And Identity In The World1421 Words   |  6 Pagesof people, such as race, gender, class, sexuality, etc.--exist to avoid social anxiety. The problem lies not just with the existence of stereotypes, but the seemingly blind consent to follow. To combat the invalid views of groups that today’s society use as a social crutch, authors, such as Gloria Naylor, Robert Max Johnson, Rosario Morales and others, attempt to expose the discrimination and stereotypes that target sexuality and gender. Sexuality and gender may appear as the same topic;

Asians And Asian American Culture - 882 Words

This class helped me realize how ignorant I really was about the Asian American culture as well as the Native American culture. I generally believed that I was more culturally sound than I actually am. I believed that I knew more about these cultures than I really did and was shocked to realize that I fed into some of the stereotypes. I knew that Asian Americans did well academically because their parents valued education and had them study more than their peers, however I did not realize that culturally boys were expected to succeed more academically than girls were. I believed that girls were equally held up to a standard as boys were. Watching the film clips related to Asians and Asian Americans was an eye opening experience. Just as African Americans are told that their natural hair is not good enough and it is internalized, it appears it is the same for many Asian Americans in relation to their eyes. The film clip about the young girl being taken to have plastic surgery on her eyes at the age of 12 because she felt that she would be more beautiful was a heart-breaking scene to watch. It never occurred to me that a feature that is specific to that particular group would become something that has almost become shameful to a lot of people. To have an eye surgery is a serious decision one has to make and for that little girl to be so sure that she wants her eyes operated on at 12 years old was something that I could relate to, but not understand. I also did not realizeShow MoreRelatedAsian American Culture925 Words   |  4 PagesAsian American/Chinese Culture Theresa Chambers Webster University Abstract A Chinese American is an American who is of ethnic Chinese descent. Most Chinese Americans are descended from Chinas majority ethnic group, the Han. The rest are usually members of one of Chinas 56 minorities, such as the Hui. 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Many Chinese were also contracted toRead MoreAsian American Culture And History1707 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most prevalent issue in today’s world is racism. The prejudice and racism against Asian Americans seems to never end. Either it’s a nasty side remark about one’s looks or a judgment about one’s personality and abilities. In high school, one of my best friends was Vietnamese and I remember her going through quite a bit of problems. She was most definitely stereotyped and was supposed to be good at math and science, when in truth, she was horrible at both subjects. Instead, she loved historyRead More Researching the Asian American Culture Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesResearching the Asian American Culture There are fundamental differences between Eastern and Western cultures and the meeting of these cultures has had several effects, both in Asia and here in the US. Overseas, you can see the juxtaposition of American pop culture on the older modes of Asian thought and society. 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Every culture has their own traditions and rules that they abide by, because this is the norm for that culture. By stepping out of what you were taught in your culture, and choosing to learn and try to understand why other cultures do things differently, you earn a new perceptive on this world. You earn a new respect for not only this other culture that you are learning aboutRead MoreAsian Philosophy and Literature Essay examples1266 Words   |  6 PagesAsian Philosophy and Literature Paper Sonya Dowell ENG/301 August 13, 2012 Marc Bonnani INTRODUCTION The Asian Culture has faith in that there are a series of beliefs and principled forms in the Asian literature that follows in the ethnic steadiness and a thoughtful of collaboration that resulted in the mutual understanding of Asian literature development, but the Asian literature views comes from a diverse ethnic upbringings, no single meaning of the word exists, but characteristically

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Free Essays

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Ian T. Snyder POL 201 Pearl Galano October 20th 2012 Habeas corpus is considered to be one of the most fundamental guarantees of personal liberty we have enjoyed as a country since the inception of our Constitution. However, questions have arisen regarding the proper use of habeas corpus and have been brought into focus in the past decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror. Most of these detainees face indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war status. Habeas corpus serves to protect citizens against arbitrary arrest, torture, and extrajudicial killings and is a fundamental personal liberty guaranteed by our Constitution and cannot be suspended based on that fact. Habeas corpus (or writ of Habeas corpus ) is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to a prison official ordering that a prisoner be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that prisoner had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. The rights of writs of habeas corpus are granted in Article I of the Constitution, which States, â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. â€Å"( Habeas Corpus in times of Emergency; Iowa State Review) A Habeas Corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another’s imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the imprisonment made a legal or factual error. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. History The history of Habeas Corpus is ancient. It appears to be predominately of Anglo-Saxon common law origin, although the precise origin of Habeas Corpus is uncertain. Its principle effect was achieved in the middle ages by use of similar laws, the sum of which helped to mold our current policies. Habeas Corpus has since the earliest times been employed to compel the appearance of a person who is in custody to be brought before a court. Habeas Corpus was generally unknown to the various law systems of Europe which are generally devolved from Roman law. European civil law systems tend to favor collective authority from the top down while the Anglo-Saxon common law tends to favor the individual. As a feature of common law, the right of Habeas Corpus reflects the age old contest between the individual and the state. Habeas Corpus empowers the individual in holding accountable the exercise of the states power to influence liberty. The War on Terror In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror at locations such as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba and Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. Most of these detainees have faced indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war Status. Many of these detainees have sought to use habeas corpus proceedings to challenge the legality of their detention. The United States government initially took the position that habeas corpus was not available to detainees because of their status as â€Å"enemy combatants† and their location outside of the sovereign territory of the United States. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court determined that non-citizen detainees at Guantanamo Bay were entitled to file habeas corpus petitions in federal courts. Congress subsequently made a political determination as to the appropriate scope of habeas corpus and passed legislation that, stripped federal courts of jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions brought by enemy combatants. This ruling was then shortly overturned. The question of whether detainees such as those at Bagram and Guantanamo Bay should have access to habeas corpus is a complex one. It involves issues of territorial jurisdiction, separation of powers, and the status of the individuals. However, at a more basic level, this question should ask as to the nature of the right of habeas corpus and the applicability of the rule of law during national security emergencies. At this level, the situation presented by detainees at Guantanamo Bay or Bagram is not entirely unique. It represents another example of those situations in which governments have attempted to deny the availability of habeas corpus based on real or perceived threats to national security. On Oct. 17, 2006, President Bush signed a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons â€Å"determined by the United States† to be an â€Å"enemy combatant† in the Global War on Terror. President Bush’s action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law’s failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant. This however was not the first time in the history of the U. S. Constitution that it’s guaranteed right to habeas corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In the early days of the U. S. Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signing into law of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The bill grants the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U. S. in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in their behalf, writs of habeas corpus. 1. Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, â€Å"What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what the president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. † To which I agree. The President’s decision to deny the detainees prisoner-of-war (POW) status remains a point of contention, especially overseas with some arguing that it is based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War , which they assert requires that all combatants captured on the battlefield are entitled to be treated as POWs until an independent tribunal has determined otherwise. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 create comprehensive legal specifications for the treatment of detainees in war. Members of a regular armed force and certain others share entitled to specific privileges as POWs. Members of volunteer corps, militias, and organized resistance forces that are not part of the armed services of a party to the conflict are entitled to POW status if they meet four criteria specified in the treaty. Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commit belligerent acts may be treated as civilians under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. ( Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive ) These â€Å"unlawful combatants† are not afforded immunity for their hostile acts. A petitioner must be treated as a prisoner of war until a competent tribunal has decided otherwise, and that a military commission may not proceed with their trial. Although some 250 detainees (including three children under the age of 16)13 have been released from the detention facilities at the U. S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and some detainees are being rewarded for cooperation with better living conditions while the status and treatment of detainees who remain in custody continue to be a source of contention. (â€Å"Enemy Combatants† Journal, Wuerth) Summary The Constitution provides Congress with ample authority to legislate the treatment of battlefield detainees in the custody of the U. S. military. The Constitution empowers Congress to make rules regarding capture and to define and punish violations of international law, and to make regulations to govern the armed forces. (Policy Archive) Congress also has the constitutional prerogative to declare war, a power it has not yet exercised with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. By not declaring war, Congress has implicitly redefined what was clearly stated in the Constitution concerning the treatment of detainees. The Administration has asserted that the war on terror is a new kind of conflict, requiring a new set of rules and definitions. However it is clear that there has been a failure to expeditiously process and, if appropriate, prosecute detainees in the custody of the United States, including those in the custody of the United States. References: 2. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 344 F. Supp. 2d 152 (D. D. C. ,2004), rev’d 413 F. 3d 33 (D. C. Cir. 2005), cert. granted 2005 U. S. LEXIS 8222 (Nov. 7, 2005). 3. Habeas Corpus in Times of Emergency: A Historical and Comparative View Brian Farrell University of Iowa College of Law . The War and the Writ Habeas corpus and security in an age of terrorism by Jonathan Shaw January-February 2009 (Harvard Magazine) 5. U. S. -Freed ‘Combatant’ Is Returned to Saudi Arabia, L. A. TIMES, Oct. 12, 2004, at A8; Jerry Markon, Father Denounces Hamdi’s Imprisonment; Son Posed No Threat to U. S. , He Says, WASH. POST, Oct. 13, 2004, at A4. 6. Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive www. policyarchive. org/handle/10207/bitstreams/11854. pdf 7. The President’s Power to Detain â€Å"Enemy Combatants† www. pegc. us/archive/Journals/wuerth_Cinn_power_to_detain. pdf How to cite Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror, Essay examples

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Free Essays

Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror Ian T. Snyder POL 201 Pearl Galano October 20th 2012 Habeas corpus is considered to be one of the most fundamental guarantees of personal liberty we have enjoyed as a country since the inception of our Constitution. However, questions have arisen regarding the proper use of habeas corpus and have been brought into focus in the past decade. We will write a custom essay sample on Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror. Most of these detainees face indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war status. Habeas corpus serves to protect citizens against arbitrary arrest, torture, and extrajudicial killings and is a fundamental personal liberty guaranteed by our Constitution and cannot be suspended based on that fact. Habeas corpus (or writ of Habeas corpus ) is a judicially enforceable order issued by a court of law to a prison official ordering that a prisoner be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that prisoner had been lawfully imprisoned and, if not, whether he or she should be released from custody. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. The rights of writs of habeas corpus are granted in Article I of the Constitution, which States, â€Å"The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. â€Å"( Habeas Corpus in times of Emergency; Iowa State Review) A Habeas Corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another’s imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the imprisonment made a legal or factual error. The right of habeas corpus is the constitutionally bestowed right of a person to present evidence before a court that he or she has been wrongly imprisoned. History The history of Habeas Corpus is ancient. It appears to be predominately of Anglo-Saxon common law origin, although the precise origin of Habeas Corpus is uncertain. Its principle effect was achieved in the middle ages by use of similar laws, the sum of which helped to mold our current policies. Habeas Corpus has since the earliest times been employed to compel the appearance of a person who is in custody to be brought before a court. Habeas Corpus was generally unknown to the various law systems of Europe which are generally devolved from Roman law. European civil law systems tend to favor collective authority from the top down while the Anglo-Saxon common law tends to favor the individual. As a feature of common law, the right of Habeas Corpus reflects the age old contest between the individual and the state. Habeas Corpus empowers the individual in holding accountable the exercise of the states power to influence liberty. The War on Terror In the years since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, hundreds of people have been detained by the United States government as part of its war on terror at locations such as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba and Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan. Most of these detainees have faced indefinite detention and have neither been charged with a crime nor afforded prisoner of war Status. Many of these detainees have sought to use habeas corpus proceedings to challenge the legality of their detention. The United States government initially took the position that habeas corpus was not available to detainees because of their status as â€Å"enemy combatants† and their location outside of the sovereign territory of the United States. In 2004, the United States Supreme Court determined that non-citizen detainees at Guantanamo Bay were entitled to file habeas corpus petitions in federal courts. Congress subsequently made a political determination as to the appropriate scope of habeas corpus and passed legislation that, stripped federal courts of jurisdiction to hear habeas corpus petitions brought by enemy combatants. This ruling was then shortly overturned. The question of whether detainees such as those at Bagram and Guantanamo Bay should have access to habeas corpus is a complex one. It involves issues of territorial jurisdiction, separation of powers, and the status of the individuals. However, at a more basic level, this question should ask as to the nature of the right of habeas corpus and the applicability of the rule of law during national security emergencies. At this level, the situation presented by detainees at Guantanamo Bay or Bagram is not entirely unique. It represents another example of those situations in which governments have attempted to deny the availability of habeas corpus based on real or perceived threats to national security. On Oct. 17, 2006, President Bush signed a law suspending the right of habeas corpus to persons â€Å"determined by the United States† to be an â€Å"enemy combatant† in the Global War on Terror. President Bush’s action drew severe criticism, mainly for the law’s failure to specifically designate who in the United States will determine who is and who is not an enemy combatant. This however was not the first time in the history of the U. S. Constitution that it’s guaranteed right to habeas corpus has been suspended by an action of the President of the United States. In the early days of the U. S. Civil War Abraham Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. Both presidents based their action on the dangers of war, and both presidents faced sharp criticism for carrying out what many believed to be an attack on the Constitution. President Bush suspended writs of habeas corpus through his support and signing into law of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. The bill grants the President of the United States almost unlimited authority in establishing and conducting military commissions to try persons held by the U. S. in the Global War on Terrorism. In addition, the Act suspends the right of â€Å"unlawful enemy combatants† to present, or to have presented in their behalf, writs of habeas corpus. 1. Jonathan Turley, professor of constitutional law at George Washington University stated, â€Å"What, really, a time of shame this is for the American system. What the Congress did and what the president signed today essentially revokes over 200 years of American principles and values. † To which I agree. The President’s decision to deny the detainees prisoner-of-war (POW) status remains a point of contention, especially overseas with some arguing that it is based on an inaccurate interpretation of the Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War , which they assert requires that all combatants captured on the battlefield are entitled to be treated as POWs until an independent tribunal has determined otherwise. The Geneva Conventions of 1949 create comprehensive legal specifications for the treatment of detainees in war. Members of a regular armed force and certain others share entitled to specific privileges as POWs. Members of volunteer corps, militias, and organized resistance forces that are not part of the armed services of a party to the conflict are entitled to POW status if they meet four criteria specified in the treaty. Groups that do not meet the standards are not entitled to POW status, and their members who commit belligerent acts may be treated as civilians under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. ( Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive ) These â€Å"unlawful combatants† are not afforded immunity for their hostile acts. A petitioner must be treated as a prisoner of war until a competent tribunal has decided otherwise, and that a military commission may not proceed with their trial. Although some 250 detainees (including three children under the age of 16)13 have been released from the detention facilities at the U. S. Naval Station in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and some detainees are being rewarded for cooperation with better living conditions while the status and treatment of detainees who remain in custody continue to be a source of contention. (â€Å"Enemy Combatants† Journal, Wuerth) Summary The Constitution provides Congress with ample authority to legislate the treatment of battlefield detainees in the custody of the U. S. military. The Constitution empowers Congress to make rules regarding capture and to define and punish violations of international law, and to make regulations to govern the armed forces. (Policy Archive) Congress also has the constitutional prerogative to declare war, a power it has not yet exercised with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. By not declaring war, Congress has implicitly redefined what was clearly stated in the Constitution concerning the treatment of detainees. The Administration has asserted that the war on terror is a new kind of conflict, requiring a new set of rules and definitions. However it is clear that there has been a failure to expeditiously process and, if appropriate, prosecute detainees in the custody of the United States, including those in the custody of the United States. References: 2. Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 344 F. Supp. 2d 152 (D. D. C. ,2004), rev’d 413 F. 3d 33 (D. C. Cir. 2005), cert. granted 2005 U. S. LEXIS 8222 (Nov. 7, 2005). 3. Habeas Corpus in Times of Emergency: A Historical and Comparative View Brian Farrell University of Iowa College of Law . The War and the Writ Habeas corpus and security in an age of terrorism by Jonathan Shaw January-February 2009 (Harvard Magazine) 5. U. S. -Freed ‘Combatant’ Is Returned to Saudi Arabia, L. A. TIMES, Oct. 12, 2004, at A8; Jerry Markon, Father Denounces Hamdi’s Imprisonment; Son Posed No Threat to U. S. , He Says, WASH. POST, Oct. 13, 2004, at A4. 6. Terrorism, the Laws of War, and the Constitution – Policy Archive www. policyarchive. org/handle/10207/bitstreams/11854. pdf 7. The President’s Power to Detain â€Å"Enemy Combatants† www. pegc. us/archive/Journals/wuerth_Cinn_power_to_detain. pdf How to cite Habeas Corpus and the War on Terror, Essay examples